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Scandium vs Thorium

Scandium
Thorium
Thorium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Th   
Group Number
3   
15
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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