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Thorium vs Niobium

Thorium
Niobium
Niobium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Nb   
Group Number
0   
18
5   
13
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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