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Thorium vs Niobium

Thorium
Niobium
Niobium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Nb  
Group Number
0  
18
5  
13
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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