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Niobium vs Thorium

Niobium
Thorium
Thorium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Th   
Group Number
5   
13
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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