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Niobium vs Thorium

Niobium
Thorium
Thorium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Th  
Group Number
5  
13
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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