Zirconium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Th
Group Number
4
14
0
18
Period Number
5
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1789
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
40
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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