Thorium Vanadium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
V
Group Number
0
18
5
13
Period Number
7
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440622
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Andrés Manuel del Río
Discovery
In 1829
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
1 * 10-4 %
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.00004 %
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
14
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.00 p.p.m.
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,890.00 °C
13
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
3,380.00 °C
20
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Blue-Silver Grey
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
6.70
4
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
600.00 MPa
20
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
628.00 MPa
17
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
4,560.00 m/s
17
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
61.00 %
14
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
V
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
22
17
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.63
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.39
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.53
26
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.37
34
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
7th Energy level
Not Available
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
23
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
23
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
28
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
23
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
153.00 pm
33
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
50.94 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
120.00 (-eV)
6
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
303.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
6.00 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
5.50 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
800.00 MPa
6
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
0.23 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
47.00 GPa
16
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
128.00 GPa
15
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
5.96
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
197.00 nΩ·m
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.60 kJ/mol
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
30.70 W/m·K
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
458.60 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
514.60 kJ/mol
13
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
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