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Thorium vs Cadmium

Thorium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Cd   
Group Number
0   
18
12   
6
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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