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Cadmium vs Thorium

Cadmium
Thorium
Thorium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Th  
Group Number
12  
6
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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