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Cadmium vs Thorium

Cadmium
Thorium
Thorium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Th   
Group Number
12   
6
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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