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Thorium Cadmium Comparison

Thorium
Cadmium
Cadmium Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Cd  
Group Number
0  
18
12  
6
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
Summary >>
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