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Thorium vs Thorium

Thorium
Thorium
Thorium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Th   
Group Number
0   
18
0   
18
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
142   
15
Number of Electrons
90   
28
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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