Thorium vs Thorium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Th
Group Number
0
18
0
18
Period Number
7
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1829
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
90
28
Number of Neutrons
142
15
142
15
Number of Electrons
90
28
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
11.72 g/cm3
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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