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Thorium vs Californium

Thorium
Californium
Californium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Cf  
Group Number
0  
18
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
153  
10
Number of Electrons
90  
28
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
-  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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