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Californium vs Thorium

Californium
Thorium
Thorium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
142  
16
Number of Electrons
98  
20
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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