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Thorium vs Ytterbium

Thorium
Ytterbium
Ytterbium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Yb  
Group Number
0  
18
Not Available  
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440644  
26
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
  • Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1878  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
37
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
Not Available  
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
824.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
1,196.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
29
343.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
29
206.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
36
1,590.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th  
Yb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.06  
33
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
Not Available  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
603.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,174.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,417.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,203.00 kJ/mol  
31
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
2.15 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
32
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90  
28
70  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Ytterbium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
70  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
15
103  
31
Number of Electrons
90  
28
70  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
15
176.00 pm  
18
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
187.00 pm  
20
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
15
242.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
173.05 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
24.79 cm3/mol  
9
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Thulium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Lutetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
23
50.30 (-eV)  
27
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
14
548.47 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
32
6.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
6.21 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
58.00 MPa  
18
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
21
9.90 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
22
30.50 GPa  
39
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
23.90 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
23
6.97  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
0.25 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
0.04 106/cm Ω  
38
Electron Affinity
Not Available  
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.15 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
26.74 J/mol·K  
25
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
38.50 W/m·K  
35
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
26.30 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
26.30 µm/(m·K)  
14
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
128.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
7.66 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
59.90 J/mol.K  
21
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