Thorium vs Ytterbium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Yb
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440644
26
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1829
In 1878
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
33
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
37
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
- It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
824.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
1,196.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
343.00 MPa
31
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
206.00 MPa
33
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
1,590.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Yb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.06
33
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
Not Available
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
603.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,174.80 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,417.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,203.00 kJ/mol
31
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
2.15 g/amp-hr
25
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
70
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Ytterbium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
70
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
103
31
Number of Electrons
90
28
70
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
187.00 pm
20
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
242.00 pm
12
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
173.05 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
24.79 cm3/mol
9
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
50.30 (-eV)
27
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
548.47 pm
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
6.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
6.21 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
58.00 MPa
18
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
9.90 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
30.50 GPa
39
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
23.90 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.21
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
6.97
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
0.25 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.04 106/cm Ω
38
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.15 J/(kg K)
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
26.74 J/mol·K
25
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
38.50 W/m·K
35
Critical Temperature
Not Available
26.30 K
7
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
26.30 µm/(m·K)
14
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
128.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
180.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
59.90 J/mol.K
21
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