1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
1.10 CAS Number
74403047440520
7429905
54386242
3.2 Space Group Name
3.3 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
4.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Carl Gustaf Mosander
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
4.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.5.3 Abundance In Meteorites
4.6.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.6.3 Abundance In Oceans
5.1.1 Abundance In Humans
7 Uses
7.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
7.1.1 Industrial Uses
7.1.2 Medical Uses
7.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
7.3 Biological Properties
7.3.1 Toxicity
7.3.2 Present in Human Body
7.3.3 In Blood
7.5.1 In Bone
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C1,522.00 °C
27
3410
8.2 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C2,510.00 °C
147
5660
8.6 Appearance
8.6.1 Physical State
8.6.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
8.6.3 Luster
8.7 Hardness
8.7.1 Mohs Hardness
8.8.1 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa814.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.10.2 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa589.00 MPa
121
3430
8.12 Speed of Sound
8.16 Optical Properties
8.16.1 Refractive Index
8.16.2 Reflectivity
9.2 Allotropes
9.2.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.2.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.2.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10 Chemical
10.1 Chemical Formula
10.2 Isotopes
10.2.1 Known Isotopes
10.3 Electronegativity
10.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.5.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.5.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.5.7 Allen Electronegativity
10.6 Electropositivity
10.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.2 Ionization Energies
11.2.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol589.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.2.2 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,150.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.3.1 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol2,194.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.3.2 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.4.1 5th Energy Level
11.4.2 6th Energy Level
11.5.1 7th Energy level
11.6.1 8th Energy Level
11.6.2 9th Energy Level
11.7.2 10th Energy Level
11.7.3 11th Energy Level
11.7.5 12th Energy Level
11.7.7 13th Energy Level
11.8.1 14th Energy Level
11.8.2 15th Energy Level
11.8.3 16th Energy Level
11.8.4 17th Energy Level
11.8.5 18th Energy Level
11.8.6 19th Energy Level
11.8.7 20th Energy Level
11.8.8 21st Energy Level
11.8.9 22nd Energy Level
11.8.10 23rd Energy Level
11.8.11 24th Energy Level
11.8.12 25th Energy Level
11.8.13 26th Energy Level
11.8.14 27th Energy Level
11.8.15 28th Energy Level
11.8.16 29th Energy Level
11.8.17 30th Energy Level
11.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr2.08 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.10 Electron Work Function
11.11 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.4.2 Number of Neutrons
12.4.3 Number of Electrons
12.5 Radius of an Atom
12.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
12.5.2 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm189.00 pm
96
260
12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
12.6 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu167.26 amu
6.94
294
12.7 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol18.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.8.1 Previous Element
12.8.2 Next Element
12.9 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)49.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm355.88 pm
228.58
891.25
12.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm39.07 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm38.86 g/cm3
0.512
20
1.3 Tensile Strength
1.5 Viscosity
1.6 Vapor Pressure
1.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
1.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.3 Elasticity properties
1.3.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa28.30 GPa
1.3
222
2.5.2 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa44.40 GPa
1.6
462
2.8.2 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa69.90 GPa
1.7
528
2.11 Poisson Ratio
2.12 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
3 Magnetic
3.1 Magnetic Characteristics
3.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.4.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
4.4.3 Permeability
4.4.6 Susceptibility
4.5 Electrical Properties
4.5.1 Electrical Property
4.5.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m0.86 nΩ·m
0.18
961
5.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
5.2.7 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
7 Thermal
7.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.17 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
8.4 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K28.12 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
8.5 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K14.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.2 Critical Temperature
9.4 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)12.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.7 Enthalpy
9.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol261.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.8.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol17.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.9.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.11 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K73.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1