1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.8 CAS Number
74403047440031
7429905
54386242
1.13 Space Group Name
1.14 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Charles Hatchett
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.1.5 Abundance In Meteorites
3.2.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.5 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.4 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
6.4 Appearance
6.4.1 Physical State
6.4.2 Color
6.4.3 Luster
6.5 Hardness
6.5.1 Mohs Hardness
6.6.2 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.6.12 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa870.00 MPa
121
3430
6.7 Speed of Sound
6.10 Optical Properties
6.10.1 Refractive Index
7.1.2 Reflectivity
7.3 Allotropes
7.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.1.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.7.1 Allen Electronegativity
10.2 Electropositivity
10.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.4 Ionization Energies
10.4.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.8.1 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.1.2 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.1.4 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.7.1 5th Energy Level
NA4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
12.2.2 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
12.3.2 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
12.3.8 8th Energy Level
12.8.1 9th Energy Level
13.3.2 10th Energy Level
13.7.2 11th Energy Level
13.12.1 12th Energy Level
14.4.1 13th Energy Level
14.8.1 14th Energy Level
15.2.1 15th Energy Level
15.6.2 16th Energy Level
17.1.2 17th Energy Level
17.3.1 18th Energy Level
17.5.3 19th Energy Level
17.7.2 20th Energy Level
17.8.3 21st Energy Level
17.10.3 22nd Energy Level
17.12.2 23rd Energy Level
17.13.2 24th Energy Level
17.14.2 25th Energy Level
18.1.3 26th Energy Level
18.1.9 27th Energy Level
18.2.1 28th Energy Level
20.1.2 29th Energy Level
20.2.3 30th Energy Level
20.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
21.2 Electron Work Function
21.5 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
22 Atomic
22.1 Atomic Number
23.4 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
23.5 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
23.5.1 Crystal Lattice
23.6 Atom
23.6.1 Number of Protons
23.8.2 Number of Neutrons
24.1.3 Number of Electrons
25.2 Radius of an Atom
25.2.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
25.5.1 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
25.8.2 Van der Waals Radius
25.11 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
25.13 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
25.16 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
25.16.1 Previous Element
25.16.2 Next Element
25.17 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
25.20 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
25.21 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
25.22 Lattice C/A Ratio
26 Mechanical
26.1 Density
26.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
26.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
26.3 Tensile Strength
26.4 Viscosity
26.5 Vapor Pressure
26.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
26.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
26.6 Elasticity properties
26.6.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa38.00 GPa
1.3
222
26.6.2 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
26.6.3 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
26.7 Poisson Ratio
26.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
27 Magnetic
27.1 Magnetic Characteristics
27.1.1 Specific Gravity
27.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
27.1.3 Permeability
27.1.4 Susceptibility
27.2 Electrical Properties
27.2.1 Electrical Property
27.2.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
27.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
27.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
28 Thermal
28.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
28.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
28.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.9 Critical Temperature
17.11 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.13 Enthalpy
17.13.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.15.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.15.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.16 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1