1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.3 Block
2.4 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
2.5 CAS Number
74403047440677
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
2.9 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %5 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.7.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.8.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.8.9 Abundance In Oceans
3.9.3 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.1.2 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,545.00 °C1,852.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C4,377.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.8.5 Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa638.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.8.10 Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa820.00 MPa
121
3430
8.2 Speed of Sound
8.4 Optical Properties
8.4.1 Refractive Index
8.4.3 Reflectivity
8.6 Allotropes
8.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.6.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.7.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.7.10 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.7.16 Allen Electronegativity
9.10 Electropositivity
9.10.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.11 Ionization Energies
9.11.1 1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol640.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.12.3 2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol1,270.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.15.1 3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol2,218.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.16.2 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol3,313.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.1.2 5th Energy Level
NA7,752.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
11.4.2 6th Energy Level
NA9,500.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
11.5.1 7th Energy level
11.5.4 8th Energy Level
12.2.1 9th Energy Level
12.6.2 10th Energy Level
12.8.3 11th Energy Level
12.9.4 12th Energy Level
12.9.8 13th Energy Level
13.2.2 14th Energy Level
13.3.3 15th Energy Level
13.6.1 16th Energy Level
13.7.2 17th Energy Level
13.11.1 18th Energy Level
14.5.1 19th Energy Level
15.4.1 20th Energy Level
16.2.1 21st Energy Level
16.2.3 22nd Energy Level
16.2.5 23rd Energy Level
16.4.1 24th Energy Level
16.6.1 25th Energy Level
16.7.2 26th Energy Level
16.9.1 27th Energy Level
16.9.4 28th Energy Level
16.11.2 29th Energy Level
16.12.4 30th Energy Level
16.13 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr0.85 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
16.14 Electron Work Function
16.17 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
17 Atomic
17.1 Atomic Number
18.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
18.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
18.4.1 Crystal Lattice
18.5 Atom
18.5.1 Number of Protons
1.2.1 Number of Neutrons
1.3.2 Number of Electrons
1.7 Radius of an Atom
1.7.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm160.00 pm
112
265
1.10.1 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
2.1.2 Van der Waals Radius
3.6 Atomic Weight
168.93 amu91.22 amu
6.94
294
3.8 Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol14.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
4.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
4.4.1 Previous Element
4.4.2 Next Element
4.5 Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)80.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
4.7 Lattice Constant
353.75 pm323.20 pm
228.58
891.25
5.3 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
5.5 Lattice C/A Ratio
6 Mechanical
6.1 Density
6.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm36.52 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm35.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.5 Tensile Strength
7.7 Viscosity
7.8 Vapor Pressure
7.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.10.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.11 Elasticity properties
7.11.1 Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa33.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.11.2 Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa91.10 GPa
1.6
462
7.11.5 Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa88.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.12 Poisson Ratio
7.14 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.2.2 Permeability
8.2.3 Susceptibility
1.3 Electrical Properties
1.3.1 Electrical Property
1.3.2 Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m421.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
2.3.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol41.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
3 Thermal
3.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.27 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
3.5 Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K25.36 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
3.6 Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K22.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
3.9 Critical Temperature
3.10 Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)5.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
4.6 Enthalpy
4.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol581.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
4.7.4 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol20.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
4.7.7 Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol598.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
4.8 Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K39.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1