1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74406447440520
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Carl Gustaf Mosander
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.12 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Mildly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
824.00 °C1,522.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C2,510.00 °C
147
5660
6.4 Appearance
6.4.1 Physical State
6.4.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
6.4.3 Luster
6.5 Hardness
6.5.1 Mohs Hardness
6.6.4 Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa814.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.7.2 Vickers Hardness
206.00 MPa589.00 MPa
121
3430
6.8 Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s2,830.00 m/s
818
16200
6.9 Optical Properties
6.9.1 Refractive Index
6.10.1 Reflectivity
6.11 Allotropes
6.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.4 Electronegativity
7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.5.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.3.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.3.4 Allen Electronegativity
8.4 Electropositivity
8.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.5 Ionization Energies
8.5.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol589.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,150.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.5.4 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol2,194.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.6.2 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.7.2 5th Energy Level
8.7.4 6th Energy Level
8.7.6 7th Energy level
8.7.8 8th Energy Level
8.7.9 9th Energy Level
8.7.12 10th Energy Level
8.7.14 11th Energy Level
8.7.16 12th Energy Level
8.7.18 13th Energy Level
8.7.20 14th Energy Level
8.7.22 15th Energy Level
8.7.25 16th Energy Level
8.7.28 17th Energy Level
8.7.30 18th Energy Level
8.7.34 19th Energy Level
8.7.37 20th Energy Level
8.7.40 21st Energy Level
8.7.43 22nd Energy Level
8.7.46 23rd Energy Level
8.7.48 24th Energy Level
8.7.51 25th Energy Level
8.8.1 26th Energy Level
9.1.1 27th Energy Level
9.4.2 28th Energy Level
9.4.3 29th Energy Level
9.4.5 30th Energy Level
9.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr2.08 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.4 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
10.5 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.6.1 Crystal Lattice
10.7 Atom
10.7.1 Number of Protons
11.1.2 Number of Neutrons
11.2.1 Number of Electrons
11.5 Radius of an Atom
11.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
11.5.3 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm189.00 pm
96
260
11.6.2 Van der Waals Radius
11.7 Atomic Weight
173.05 amu167.26 amu
6.94
294
11.8 Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol18.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.9.1 Previous Element
11.9.2 Next Element
11.10 Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)49.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.12 Lattice Constant
548.47 pm355.88 pm
228.58
891.25
12.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm39.07 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.2.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm38.86 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.3 Tensile Strength
13.4 Viscosity
13.5 Vapor Pressure
13.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
14.2 Elasticity properties
14.2.1 Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa28.30 GPa
1.3
222
14.3.1 Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa44.40 GPa
1.6
462
14.4.1 Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa69.90 GPa
1.7
528
14.6 Poisson Ratio
14.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
15.2.3 Permeability
15.2.4 Susceptibility
15.3 Electrical Properties
15.3.1 Electrical Property
15.3.2 Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m0.86 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.4.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.17 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K28.12 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K14.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.4 Critical Temperature
16.5 Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)12.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.6 Enthalpy
16.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol261.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol17.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.7 Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K73.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1