1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74406447440031
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Charles Hatchett
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.11 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.1.1 In Bone
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
824.00 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
7.4 Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
7.5 Appearance
7.5.1 Physical State
7.5.2 Color
7.5.3 Luster
7.6 Hardness
7.6.1 Mohs Hardness
7.7.1 Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.8.3 Vickers Hardness
206.00 MPa870.00 MPa
121
3430
8.3 Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
8.5 Optical Properties
8.5.1 Refractive Index
8.5.3 Reflectivity
8.6 Allotropes
8.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
9.6 Electropositivity
9.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.7 Ionization Energies
9.7.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.7.3 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.5 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.7.7 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.9 5th Energy Level
NA4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.7.11 6th Energy Level
NA9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.7.13 7th Energy level
NA12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.7.14 8th Energy Level
9.7.16 9th Energy Level
9.7.18 10th Energy Level
9.7.20 11th Energy Level
9.7.22 12th Energy Level
9.7.24 13th Energy Level
9.7.26 14th Energy Level
9.7.28 15th Energy Level
9.7.30 16th Energy Level
9.7.32 17th Energy Level
9.7.34 18th Energy Level
9.7.36 19th Energy Level
9.7.38 20th Energy Level
9.7.40 21st Energy Level
9.7.42 22nd Energy Level
9.7.44 23rd Energy Level
9.7.46 24th Energy Level
9.7.48 25th Energy Level
9.7.50 26th Energy Level
9.7.52 27th Energy Level
9.7.54 28th Energy Level
9.8.1 29th Energy Level
9.8.2 30th Energy Level
9.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.2 Electron Work Function
10.6 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
11.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.4.3 Number of Neutrons
11.5.2 Number of Electrons
11.6 Radius of an Atom
11.6.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
11.6.3 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
11.7.1 Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
11.8 Atomic Weight
173.05 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
11.10 Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.13.1 Previous Element
11.13.2 Next Element
11.14 Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.18 Lattice Constant
548.47 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
12.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.4 Tensile Strength
58.00 MPa330.00 MPa
2.5
11000
13.6 Viscosity
13.7 Vapor Pressure
13.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.8.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.9 Elasticity properties
13.9.1 Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa38.00 GPa
1.3
222
13.9.3 Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.9.5 Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.11 Poisson Ratio
14.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
15.1.5 Permeability
15.1.7 Susceptibility
15.3 Electrical Properties
15.3.1 Electrical Property
15.3.2 Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.3.6 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.3 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.5 Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.7 Critical Temperature
17.8 Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.10 Enthalpy
17.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.11.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.11.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.12 Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1