1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
1.8 CAS Number
74406447440246
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
William Cruickshank
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %4 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000005 %
1E-08
0.1
3.1.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.1.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.2.1 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.2 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.03 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
824.00 °C769.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C1,384.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
5.3.3 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.5.1 Brinell Hardness
6.1.4 Vickers Hardness
6.2 Speed of Sound
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Refractive Index
6.4.2 Reflectivity
6.5 Allotropes
6.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.1.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.2.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.2.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.3.1 Allen Electronegativity
8.5 Electropositivity
8.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol549.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.8.2 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,064.20 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.8.3 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol4,138.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.8.5 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol5,500.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.8.7 5th Energy Level
NA6,910.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.8.8 6th Energy Level
NA8,760.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.9.1 7th Energy level
NA10,230.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.9.2 8th Energy Level
NA11,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
8.9.3 9th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
8.9.4 10th Energy Level
NA17,100.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
8.9.5 11th Energy Level
NA31,270.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.9.6 12th Energy Level
8.9.7 13th Energy Level
8.9.8 14th Energy Level
8.9.9 15th Energy Level
8.9.10 16th Energy Level
8.9.11 17th Energy Level
8.9.12 18th Energy Level
8.9.13 19th Energy Level
8.9.14 20th Energy Level
8.9.15 21st Energy Level
8.9.16 22nd Energy Level
8.9.17 23rd Energy Level
8.9.18 24th Energy Level
8.9.19 25th Energy Level
8.9.20 26th Energy Level
8.9.21 27th Energy Level
8.9.22 28th Energy Level
8.9.23 29th Energy Level
8.9.24 30th Energy Level
8.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr1.64 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.11 Electron Work Function
8.12 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
9.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.2 Number of Neutrons
9.4.3 Number of Electrons
9.5 Radius of an Atom
9.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm215.00 pm
112
265
9.5.2 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm195.00 pm
96
260
9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm249.00 pm
139
348
9.6 Atomic Weight
173.05 amu87.62 amu
6.94
294
9.7 Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol33.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.8.1 Previous Element
9.8.2 Next Element
9.9 Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)25.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
9.10 Lattice Constant
548.47 pm608.49 pm
228.58
891.25
9.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm32.64 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
10.2 Tensile Strength
10.3 Viscosity
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA121.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
10.5 Elasticity properties
10.5.1 Shear Modulus
10.5.2 Bulk Modulus
10.5.3 Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa15.70 GPa
1.7
528
10.6 Poisson Ratio
10.7 Other Mechanical Properties
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
11.1.3 Permeability
11.1.4 Susceptibility
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
11.2.2 Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m132.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
11.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol5.03 kJ/mol
0
222.8
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.30 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
12.3 Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K35.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
12.4 Critical Temperature
12.5 Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)22.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
12.6 Enthalpy
12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol9.16 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol163.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
12.7 Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K55.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1