1 Tabel périodik
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Panggil Group
1.4 Panggil periode
1.9 Block
pemblokiran f
p pemblokiran
1.10 Family unsur
1.11 CAS Number
74403267440553
7429905
54386242
1.15 Jeneng papan Group
1.16 Space Group Number
3 facts
3.1 Facts Interesting
- metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
- Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.
- A gram saka logam Gallium bisa tuku mung telung dolar.
- Panerapan logam ketemu ing ores bab ing ngisor iki Coal, Bauksit, Diaspore, sphalerite, germanite lan Seng.
3.2 sumber
Found in Minerals, Mining
bumi lemah ndhuwur, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores saka Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 sing katutup
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 turah mbrawah
3.4.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Universe
3 * 10-4 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Sun
~0.0004 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.1.2 Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit
4.3.3 Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur
4.5.2 Turah mbrawah Ing Segara
4.6.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Manungsa
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
1E-13
1.4
5 ulah
5.1 Ulah lan Wuku
- metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
- senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.
- Panerapan arsenida punika komponèn penting banget akeh semikonduktor lan manufaktur mimpin.
- Panerapan nitride uga ngerti minangka semikonduktor lan digunakake ing teknologi Blu-ray, Smartphone mobile lan LED.
5.1.1 Ulah Industrial
Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik
Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik
5.1.2 Ulah Medical
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
5.1.3 Ulah liyane
wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues
wesi
5.2 Properties biologi
5.2.1 keracunan
5.2.3 Saiki ing badan Human
5.2.4 Sang
0.00 Sang / mg dm-30.08 Sang / mg dm-3
0
1970
5.3.2 ing Bone
0.02 ppmora Sumadhiya
0
170000
6 fisik
6.1 leleh Point
1,750.00 ° C29.78 ° C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 ° C2,403.00 ° C
147
5660
7.4 katon
7.4.1 State fisik
7.4.2 warna
7.4.3 luster
7.5 atose
7.5.1 Mohs atose
8.1.4 Brinell atose
390.00 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
8.1.8 Vickers atose
295.00 MPaora Sumadhiya
121
3430
9.2 Kacepetan swara
2,490.00 m / s2,740.00 m / s
818
16200
9.4 Properties Optical
9.4.1 bias Index
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
1.000933
1.7229
9.5.1 reflectivity
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
58
97
10.2 allotropes
10.2.1 α allotropes
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
10.2.2 β allotropes
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
10.2.3 γ allotropes
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
11 Kimia
11.1 Formula Kimia
11.2 isotop
11.2.1 Isotop dikenal
11.6 keelektronegatifan
11.6.1 Pauling Elektronegativitas
11.8.2 Sanderson Elektronegativitas
ora Sumadhiya2.42
0.22
2.56
11.9.2 Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas
11.10.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Elektronegativitas
ora Sumadhiya2.01
0.62
2.48
11.11.2 Allen Elektronegativitas
ora Sumadhiya1.76
0.659
2.7
11.13 Electropositivity
11.13.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.14 tenogo ionisasi
11.14.1 Level Energy 1st
587.00 kJ / mol578.80 kJ / mol
375.7
26130
11.15.1 Level Energy 2
1,110.00 kJ / mol1,979.30 kJ / mol
710.2162
28750
11.15.2 Level Energy 3rd
1,978.00 kJ / mol2,963.00 kJ / mol
1600
34230
11.15.3 Level Energy 4
2,780.00 kJ / mol6,180.00 kJ / mol
2780
37066
11.15.4 Level Energy 5th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
4305.2
97510
11.15.5 Level Energy 6th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
5715.8
105800
11.15.6 tingkat Energy 7
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
7226.8
114300
11.15.7 Level Energy 8
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
8857.4
125300
11.15.8 Level Energy 9
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
14110
134700
11.15.9 Level Energy 10th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
17100
144300
11.15.10 Level Energy 11
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
19900
169988
11.15.11 Level Energy 12
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
22219
189368
11.15.12 Level Energy 13
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
26930
76015
11.15.13 Level Energy 14
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
29196
86450
11.15.14 Level Energy 15
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
41987
97510
11.15.15 Level Energy 16
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
47206
109480
11.15.16 Level Energy 17
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
52737
122200
11.15.17 Level Energy 18
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
58570
134810
11.15.18 Level Energy 19
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
64702
148700
11.15.19 Level Energy 20
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
80400
171200
11.15.20 Level Energy 21
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
87000
179100
11.15.21 Level Energy 22
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
93400
184900
11.15.22 Level Energy 23rd
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
98420
198800
11.15.23 Level Energy 24
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
104400
195200
11.15.24 Level Energy 25th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
121900
121900
11.15.25 Level Energy 26th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
127700
127700
11.15.26 Level Energy 27th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
133800
133800
11.15.27 Level Energy 28th
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
139800
139800
11.15.28 Level Energy 29
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
148100
148100
11.15.29 Level Energy 30
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
154500
154500
11.16 padha karo elektrokimia
2.16 g / amp-day0.87 g / amp-day
0.16812
8.3209
11.17 Fungsi Work elektron
11.18 Properties Kimia liyane
Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif
ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif
12 atom
12.1 Panggil atom
12.2 Konfigurasi elektron
[Rn] 6D 2 7s 2
[Ar] 3d 10 4s 2 4p 1
12.3 Struktur Crystal
Face tengah kubik (FCC)
Orthorhombic (Orth)
12.3.1 Crystal pola
12.4 atom
12.4.1 Jumlah proton
12.4.2 Jumlah Neutron
12.4.3 Jumlah Èlèktron
12.5 Radius saka Atom
12.5.1 Radius atom
179.80 pm135.00 pm
112
265
12.5.2 kovalen Radius
206.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm187.00 pm
139
348
12.6 Bobot atom
232.04 Amu69.72 Amu
6.94
294
12.7 Volume atom
19.90 cm3 / mol11.80 cm3 / mol
1.39
71.07
12.8 Nomer atom jejer
12.8.1 unsur Previous
12.8.2 Sabanjure unsur
12.9 Potensi Valence Electron
59.30 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Constant pola
508.42 pm451.97 pm
228.58
891.25
12.11 pola Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.12 Pola C / A rasio
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
1.567
1.886
13 Teknik
13.1 Kapadhetan
13.1.1 Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar
11.72 g / cm 35.91 g / cm 3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)
ora Sumadhiya6.10 g / cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Strength tensile
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
2.5
11000
13.3 viskositas
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
0.001526
0.001526
13.4 meksa beluk
13.4.1 Meksa beluk ing 1000 K
ora Sumadhiya0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
13.4.2 Meksa beluk ing 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)ora Sumadhiya
2.62E-10
774
13.5 situs kelenturan
13.5.1 nyukur pengaturan
31.00 GPAora Sumadhiya
1.3
222
13.5.2 pengaturan akeh
54.00 GPAora Sumadhiya
1.6
462
13.5.3 Young kang pengaturan
79.00 GPA9.80 GPA
1.7
528
13.6 Poisson rasio
13.7 Properties Teknik liyane
14 Magnetic
14.1 Ciri Magnetic
14.1.1 Gravitasi tartamtu
14.1.2 Nindakake Magnetic
14.1.3 permeabilitas
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
1.25643E-06
0.0063
14.1.4 kelemahan
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
-0.000166
200000
14.2 Properties Listrik
14.2.1 Property Listrik
superconductor
Semiconductor
14.2.2 resistivity
157.00 nΩ · m270.00 nΩ · m
0.18
961
14.2.3 konduktivitas listrik
0.07 10 6 / cm Ω0.07 10 6 / cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 elektron Affinity
ora Sumadhiya28.90 kJ / mol
0
222.8
15 termal
15.1 Kalor tartamtu
0.12 J / (kg K)0.37 J / (kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Graham Kapasitas kalor
26.23 J / mol · K25.86 J / mol · K
16.443
62.7
15.3 doyo termal
54.00 W / m · K40.60 W / m · K
6.3
429
15.4 suhu kritis
ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya
26.3
3223
15.5 Expansion termal
11.00 μm / (m · K)18.00 μm / (m · K)
4.5
97
15.6 enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy panguapan
429.00 kJ / mol256.10 kJ / mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy saka Fusion
15.48 kJ / mol5.59 kJ / mol
2.1
35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy saka atomization
468.60 kJ / mol276.10 kJ / mol
61.5
837
15.7 Standard molar Entropy
27.30 J / mol.K40.80 J / mol.K
9.5
198.1