thorium

Panerapan

mbandhingaké thorium lan Panerapan

thorium

Panerapan

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1 Tabel périodik

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Panggil Group

013

0 17

1.4 Panggil periode

2 7

1.9 Block

pemblokiran f

p pemblokiran

1.10 Family unsur

actinide

Transisi Post-

1.11 CAS Number

74403267440553

7429905 54386242

1.15 Jeneng papan Group

P63 / mmc

Cmca

1.16 Space Group Number

194.0064.00

11 229

3 facts

3.1 Facts Interesting

metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.

A gram saka logam Gallium bisa tuku mung telung dolar.
Panerapan logam ketemu ing ores bab ing ngisor iki Coal, Bauksit, Diaspore, sphalerite, germanite lan Seng.

3.2 sumber

Found in Minerals, Mining

bumi lemah ndhuwur, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores saka Minerals

3.3 History

3.3.1 sing katutup

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

3.3.2 Discovery

ing 1829

ing taun 1875

3.4 turah mbrawah

3.4.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Universe

3 * 10^-4 %1 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

3.5.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Sun

~0.0004 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

4.1.2 Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit

0.05 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

4.3.3 Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur

0.66 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

4.5.2 Turah mbrawah Ing Segara

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

4.6.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Manungsa

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1E-13 1.4

5 ulah

5.1 Ulah lan Wuku

metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.

Panerapan arsenida punika komponèn penting banget akeh semikonduktor lan manufaktur mimpin.

Panerapan nitride uga ngerti minangka semikonduktor lan digunakake ing teknologi Blu-ray, Smartphone mobile lan LED.

5.1.1 Ulah Industrial

Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

5.1.2 Ulah Medical

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

5.1.3 Ulah liyane

wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues

wesi

5.2 Properties biologi

5.2.1 keracunan

non Toxic

5.2.3 Saiki ing badan Human

5.2.4 Sang

0.00 Sang / mg dm-30.08 Sang / mg dm-3

0 1970

5.3.2 ing Bone

0.02 ppmora Sumadhiya

0 170000

6 fisik

6.1 leleh Point

1,750.00 ° C29.78 ° C

27 3410

7.2 Boiling Point

4,790.00 ° C2,403.00 ° C

147 5660

7.4 katon

7.4.1 State fisik

Solid

7.4.2 warna

Silver

perak Putih

7.4.3 luster

metallic

7.5 atose

7.5.1 Mohs atose

3.001.50

0.2 8.5

8.1.4 Brinell atose

390.00 MPa56.80 MPa

0.14 3490

8.1.8 Vickers atose

295.00 MPaora Sumadhiya

121 3430

9.2 Kacepetan swara

2,490.00 m / s2,740.00 m / s

818 16200

9.4 Properties Optical

9.4.1 bias Index

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.000933 1.7229

9.5.1 reflectivity

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58 97

10.2 allotropes

Ora

10.2.1 α allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

10.2.2 β allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

10.2.3 γ allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

11 Kimia

11.1 Formula Kimia

11.2 isotop

11.2.1 Isotop dikenal

2824

0 38

11.6 keelektronegatifan

11.6.1 Pauling Elektronegativitas

1.301.81

0.7 2.54

11.8.2 Sanderson Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya2.42

0.22 2.56

11.9.2 Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas

1.111.82

0.86 1.82

11.10.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya2.01

0.62 2.48

11.11.2 Allen Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya1.76

0.659 2.7

11.13 Electropositivity

11.13.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.19

1.46 3.3

11.14 tenogo ionisasi

11.14.1 Level Energy 1st

587.00 kJ / mol578.80 kJ / mol

375.7 26130

11.15.1 Level Energy 2

1,110.00 kJ / mol1,979.30 kJ / mol

710.2162 28750

11.15.2 Level Energy 3rd

1,978.00 kJ / mol2,963.00 kJ / mol

1600 34230

11.15.3 Level Energy 4

2,780.00 kJ / mol6,180.00 kJ / mol

2780 37066

11.15.4 Level Energy 5th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

4305.2 97510

11.15.5 Level Energy 6th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

5715.8 105800

11.15.6 tingkat Energy 7

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

7226.8 114300

11.15.7 Level Energy 8

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

8857.4 125300

11.15.8 Level Energy 9

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

14110 134700

11.15.9 Level Energy 10th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

17100 144300

11.15.10 Level Energy 11

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

19900 169988

11.15.11 Level Energy 12

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

22219 189368

11.15.12 Level Energy 13

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26930 76015

11.15.13 Level Energy 14

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

29196 86450

11.15.14 Level Energy 15

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

41987 97510

11.15.15 Level Energy 16

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

47206 109480

11.15.16 Level Energy 17

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

52737 122200

11.15.17 Level Energy 18

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58570 134810

11.15.18 Level Energy 19

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

64702 148700

11.15.19 Level Energy 20

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

80400 171200

11.15.20 Level Energy 21

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

87000 179100

11.15.21 Level Energy 22

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

93400 184900

11.15.22 Level Energy 23rd

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

98420 198800

11.15.23 Level Energy 24

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

104400 195200

11.15.24 Level Energy 25th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

121900 121900

11.15.25 Level Energy 26th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

127700 127700

11.15.26 Level Energy 27th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

133800 133800

11.15.27 Level Energy 28th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

139800 139800

11.15.28 Level Energy 29

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

148100 148100

11.15.29 Level Energy 30

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

154500 154500

11.16 padha karo elektrokimia

2.16 g / amp-day0.87 g / amp-day

0.16812 8.3209

11.17 Fungsi Work elektron

3.41 eV4.20 eV

2.14 5.65

11.18 Properties Kimia liyane

Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif

ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif

12 atom

12.1 Panggil atom

9031

3 117

12.2 Konfigurasi elektron

[Rn] 6D ² 7s ²

[Ar] 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p ¹

12.3 Struktur Crystal

Face tengah kubik (FCC)

Orthorhombic (Orth)

12.3.1 Crystal pola

12.4 atom

12.4.1 Jumlah proton

9031

3 117

12.4.2 Jumlah Neutron

14239

4 184

12.4.3 Jumlah Èlèktron

9031

3 117

12.5 Radius saka Atom

12.5.1 Radius atom

179.80 pm135.00 pm

112 265

12.5.2 kovalen Radius

206.00 pm122.00 pm

96 260

12.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm187.00 pm

139 348

12.6 Bobot atom

232.04 Amu69.72 Amu

6.94 294

12.7 Volume atom

19.90 cm3 / mol11.80 cm3 / mol

1.39 71.07

12.8 Nomer atom jejer

12.8.1 unsur Previous

12.8.2 Sabanjure unsur

12.9 Potensi Valence Electron

59.30 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)

8 392.42

12.10 Constant pola

508.42 pm451.97 pm

228.58 891.25

12.11 pola Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

12.12 Pola C / A rasio

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.567 1.886

13 Teknik

13.1 Kapadhetan

13.1.1 Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar

11.72 g / cm ³5.91 g / cm ³

0.534 40.7

13.1.2 Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)

ora Sumadhiya6.10 g / cm3

0.512 20

13.2 Strength tensile

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

2.5 11000

13.3 viskositas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.001526 0.001526

13.4 meksa beluk

13.4.1 Meksa beluk ing 1000 K

ora Sumadhiya0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

13.4.2 Meksa beluk ing 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)ora Sumadhiya

2.62E-10 774

13.5 situs kelenturan

13.5.1 nyukur pengaturan

31.00 GPAora Sumadhiya

1.3 222

13.5.2 pengaturan akeh

54.00 GPAora Sumadhiya

1.6 462

13.5.3 Young kang pengaturan

79.00 GPA9.80 GPA

1.7 528

13.6 Poisson rasio

0.270.47

0.032 0.47

13.7 Properties Teknik liyane

ductile

14 Magnetic

14.1 Ciri Magnetic

14.1.1 Gravitasi tartamtu

11.705.91

0.53 4500

14.1.2 Nindakake Magnetic

paramagnetic

diamagnetic

14.1.3 permeabilitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.25643E-06 0.0063

14.1.4 kelemahan

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

-0.000166 200000

14.2 Properties Listrik

14.2.1 Property Listrik

superconductor

Semiconductor

14.2.2 resistivity

157.00 nΩ · m270.00 nΩ · m

0.18 961

14.2.3 konduktivitas listrik

0.07 10 ⁶ / cm Ω0.07 10 ⁶ / cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

14.2.4 elektron Affinity

ora Sumadhiya28.90 kJ / mol

0 222.8

15 termal

15.1 Kalor tartamtu

0.12 J / (kg K)0.37 J / (kg K)

0.11 3.6

15.2 Graham Kapasitas kalor

26.23 J / mol · K25.86 J / mol · K

16.443 62.7

15.3 doyo termal

54.00 W / m · K40.60 W / m · K

6.3 429

15.4 suhu kritis

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26.3 3223

15.5 Expansion termal

11.00 μm / (m · K)18.00 μm / (m · K)

4.5 97

15.6 enthalpy

15.6.1 Enthalpy panguapan

429.00 kJ / mol256.10 kJ / mol

7.32 799.1

15.6.2 Enthalpy saka Fusion

15.48 kJ / mol5.59 kJ / mol

2.1 35.23

15.6.3 Enthalpy saka atomization

468.60 kJ / mol276.10 kJ / mol

61.5 837

15.7 Standard molar Entropy

27.30 J / mol.K40.80 J / mol.K

9.5 198.1

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