thorium

kadmium

thorium mungsuh kadmium

thorium

kadmium

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1 Tabel périodik

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Panggil Group

012

0 17

1.3 Panggil periode

2 7

1.4 Block

pemblokiran f

d block

1.5 Family unsur

actinide

transisi Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74403267440439

7429905 54386242

1.8 Jeneng papan Group

P63 / mmc

1.9 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 facts

2.1 Facts Interesting

metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.

Character length exceed error

2.2 sumber

Found in Minerals, Mining

Found Minangka By-produk, Found in Minerals, Mining

2.4 History

2.4.1 sing katutup

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer

2.4.2 Discovery

ing 1829

ing 1817

2.5 turah mbrawah

2.5.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Universe

3 * 10^-4 %2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.6.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Sun

~0.0004 %~0.0000006 %

1E-08 0.1

2.8.1 Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit

0.05 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.9.1 Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur

0.66 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.1.2 Turah mbrawah Ing Segara

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.1.4 Turah mbrawah Ing Manungsa

ora Sumadhiya0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

4 ulah

4.1 Ulah lan Wuku

metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.

Wis Efesus banget winates minangka logam beracun lan bisa nimbulaké cacat lair, kanker, etc.
Meh 80% saka logam kadmium digunakake ing Nikel Baterei kadmium lan saiki lagi njupuk diganti karo isotop nikel.

4.1.1 Ulah Industrial

Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

Industry Aerospace, Industry amunisi, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

4.1.2 Ulah Medical

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

4.1.3 Ulah liyane

wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues

wesi

4.2 Properties biologi

4.2.1 keracunan

non Toxic

Toxic

4.2.2 Saiki ing badan Human

4.2.3 Sang

0.00 Sang / mg dm-30.01 Sang / mg dm-3

0 1970

4.4.1 ing Bone

0.02 ppm1.80 ppm

0 170000

5 fisik

5.1 leleh Point

1,750.00 ° C320.90 ° C

27 3410

5.3 Boiling Point

4,790.00 ° C765.00 ° C

147 5660

5.4 katon

5.4.1 State fisik

Solid

5.4.2 warna

Silver

Perak werna-Gray

5.4.3 luster

metallic

5.5 atose

5.5.1 Mohs atose

3.002.00

0.2 8.5

5.5.3 Brinell atose

390.00 MPa203.00 MPa

0.14 3490

6.1.2 Vickers atose

295.00 MPaora Sumadhiya

121 3430

6.2 Kacepetan swara

2,490.00 m / s2,310.00 m / s

818 16200

6.4 Properties Optical

6.4.1 bias Index

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.000933 1.7229

6.4.3 reflectivity

ora Sumadhiya67.00 %

58 97

6.5 allotropes

Ora

6.5.1 α allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

6.5.2 β allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

6.5.3 γ allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

7 Kimia

7.1 Formula Kimia

7.2 isotop

7.2.1 Isotop dikenal

2834

0 38

8.2 keelektronegatifan

8.2.1 Pauling Elektronegativitas

1.301.69

0.7 2.54

8.3.1 Sanderson Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya1.98

0.22 2.56

8.4.1 Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas

1.111.46

0.86 1.82

8.5.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya1.53

0.62 2.48

8.6.1 Allen Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya1.52

0.659 2.7

8.8 Electropositivity

8.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.31

1.46 3.3

8.9 tenogo ionisasi

8.9.1 Level Energy 1st

587.00 kJ / mol867.80 kJ / mol

375.7 26130

8.9.3 Level Energy 2

1,110.00 kJ / mol1,631.40 kJ / mol

710.2162 28750

8.9.4 Level Energy 3rd

1,978.00 kJ / mol3,616.00 kJ / mol

1600 34230

8.10.1 Level Energy 4

2,780.00 kJ / molora Sumadhiya

2780 37066

8.10.2 Level Energy 5th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

4305.2 97510

8.10.3 Level Energy 6th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

5715.8 105800

8.10.4 tingkat Energy 7

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

7226.8 114300

8.10.5 Level Energy 8

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

8857.4 125300

8.10.6 Level Energy 9

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

14110 134700

8.10.7 Level Energy 10th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

17100 144300

8.10.8 Level Energy 11

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

19900 169988

8.10.9 Level Energy 12

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

22219 189368

8.10.10 Level Energy 13

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26930 76015

8.10.11 Level Energy 14

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

29196 86450

8.10.12 Level Energy 15

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

41987 97510

8.10.13 Level Energy 16

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

47206 109480

8.10.14 Level Energy 17

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

52737 122200

8.10.15 Level Energy 18

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58570 134810

8.10.16 Level Energy 19

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

64702 148700

8.10.17 Level Energy 20

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

80400 171200

8.10.18 Level Energy 21

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

87000 179100

8.10.19 Level Energy 22

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

93400 184900

8.10.20 Level Energy 23rd

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

98420 198800

8.10.21 Level Energy 24

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

104400 195200

8.10.22 Level Energy 25th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

121900 121900

8.10.23 Level Energy 26th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

127700 127700

8.10.24 Level Energy 27th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

133800 133800

8.10.25 Level Energy 28th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

139800 139800

8.10.26 Level Energy 29

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

148100 148100

8.10.27 Level Energy 30

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

154500 154500

8.11 padha karo elektrokimia

2.16 g / amp-day2.10 g / amp-day

0.16812 8.3209

8.12 Fungsi Work elektron

3.41 eV4.22 eV

2.14 5.65

8.13 Properties Kimia liyane

Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif

Kimia Stabilitas, anti Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, kelarutan

9 atom

9.1 Panggil atom

9048

3 117

9.2 Konfigurasi elektron

[Rn] 6D ² 7s ²

[Kr] 4d ¹⁰ 5S ²

9.3 Struktur Crystal

Face tengah kubik (FCC)

Hexagonal Tutup dikempalken (HCP)

9.3.1 Crystal pola

9.4 atom

9.4.1 Jumlah proton

9048

3 117

9.4.2 Jumlah Neutron

14264

4 184

9.4.3 Jumlah Èlèktron

9048

3 117

9.5 Radius saka Atom

9.5.1 Radius atom

179.80 pm151.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 kovalen Radius

206.00 pm144.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm158.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Bobot atom

232.04 Amu112.41 Amu

6.94 294

9.7 Volume atom

19.90 cm3 / mol13.10 cm3 / mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Nomer atom jejer

9.8.1 unsur Previous

9.8.2 Sabanjure unsur

9.9 Potensi Valence Electron

59.30 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Constant pola

508.42 pm297.94 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 pola Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

9.12 Pola C / A rasio

ora Sumadhiya1.89

1.567 1.886

10 Teknik

10.1 Kapadhetan

10.1.1 Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar

11.72 g / cm ³8.65 g / cm ³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)

ora Sumadhiya8.00 g / cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Strength tensile

ora Sumadhiya62.00 MPa

2.5 11000

10.3 viskositas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 meksa beluk

10.4.1 Meksa beluk ing 1000 K

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Meksa beluk ing 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)ora Sumadhiya

2.62E-10 774

10.5 situs kelenturan

10.5.1 nyukur pengaturan

31.00 GPA19.00 GPA

1.3 222

10.5.2 pengaturan akeh

54.00 GPA42.00 GPA

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young kang pengaturan

79.00 GPA50.00 GPA

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson rasio

0.270.30

0.032 0.47

10.7 Properties Teknik liyane

ductile

ductile, malleable

11 Magnetic

11.1 Ciri Magnetic

11.1.1 Gravitasi tartamtu

11.708.65

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Nindakake Magnetic

paramagnetic

diamagnetic

11.1.3 permeabilitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 kelemahan

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Properties Listrik

11.2.1 Property Listrik

superconductor

Semiconductor

11.2.2 resistivity

157.00 nΩ · m72.70 nΩ · m

0.18 961

11.2.3 konduktivitas listrik

0.07 10 ⁶ / cm Ω0.14 10 ⁶ / cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 elektron Affinity

ora Sumadhiya0.00 kJ / mol

0 222.8

12 termal

12.1 Kalor tartamtu

0.12 J / (kg K)0.23 J / (kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Graham Kapasitas kalor

26.23 J / mol · K26.02 J / mol · K

16.443 62.7

12.3 doyo termal

54.00 W / m · K96.60 W / m · K

6.3 429

1.3 suhu kritis

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26.3 3223

1.5 Expansion termal

11.00 μm / (m · K)30.80 μm / (m · K)

4.5 97

1.9 enthalpy

1.9.1 Enthalpy panguapan

429.00 kJ / mol100.00 kJ / mol

7.32 799.1

1.11.1 Enthalpy saka Fusion

15.48 kJ / mol6.19 kJ / mol

2.1 35.23

2.4.2 Enthalpy saka atomization

468.60 kJ / mol113.00 kJ / mol

61.5 837

2.5 Standard molar Entropy

27.30 J / mol.K51.80 J / mol.K

9.5 198.1

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