thorium

kobalt

thorium mungsuh kobalt

thorium

kobalt

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1 Tabel périodik

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Panggil Group

0 17

1.3 Panggil periode

2 7

1.4 Block

pemblokiran f

d block

1.5 Family unsur

actinide

transisi Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74403267440484

7429905 54386242

1.7 Jeneng papan Group

P63 / mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 facts

2.1 Facts Interesting

metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.

Character length exceed error

2.2 sumber

Found in Minerals, Mining

Found in Senyawa, Mining, Ores saka Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 sing katutup

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

ing 1829

ing 1732

2.4 turah mbrawah

2.4.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Universe

3 * 10^-4 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Turah mbrawah Ing Sun

~0.0004 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit

0.05 %0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur

0.66 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Turah mbrawah Ing Segara

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Turah mbrawah Ing Manungsa

ora Sumadhiya0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 ulah

3.1 Ulah lan Wuku

metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.

Sawijining wesi aluminium lan nikel sing digunakake kanggo nggawe wesi sembrani kuat.
Sawetara wesi liyane ngetokne kekuatan-suhu dhuwur lan Empu padha digunakake ing Turbines saka Jet lan Gas engine.

3.1.1 Ulah Industrial

Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

3.1.2 Ulah Medical

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Industry Pharmaceutical

3.1.3 Ulah liyane

wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues

wesi

3.2 Properties biologi

3.2.1 keracunan

non Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Saiki ing badan Human

3.2.3 Sang

0.00 Sang / mg dm-30.04 Sang / mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 ing Bone

0.02 ppm0.04 ppm

0 170000

2 fisik

2.1 leleh Point

1,750.00 ° C1,495.00 ° C

27 3410

2.3 Boiling Point

4,790.00 ° C2,870.00 ° C

147 5660

2.7 katon

2.7.1 State fisik

Solid

2.7.2 warna

Silver

Gray

2.7.3 luster

metallic

2.8 atose

2.8.1 Mohs atose

3.005.00

0.2 8.5

2.10.1 Brinell atose

390.00 MPa470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

3.4.2 Vickers atose

295.00 MPa1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

3.5 Kacepetan swara

2,490.00 m / s4,720.00 m / s

818 16200

3.6 Properties Optical

3.6.1 bias Index

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.000933 1.7229

3.6.3 reflectivity

ora Sumadhiya67.00 %

58 97

3.7 allotropes

Ora

3.7.1 α allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

α-kobalt

3.7.2 β allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

β-kobalt

3.7.3 γ allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

4 Kimia

4.1 Formula Kimia

4.2 isotop

4.2.1 Isotop dikenal

2826

0 38

4.3 keelektronegatifan

4.3.1 Pauling Elektronegativitas

1.301.88

0.7 2.54

5.2.4 Sanderson Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya2.56

0.22 2.56

6.1.1 Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas

1.111.70

0.86 1.82

6.1.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.62 2.48

6.2.1 Allen Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya1.84

0.659 2.7

6.5 Electropositivity

6.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.12

1.46 3.3

6.6 tenogo ionisasi

6.6.1 Level Energy 1st

587.00 kJ / mol760.40 kJ / mol

375.7 26130

6.6.3 Level Energy 2

1,110.00 kJ / mol1,648.00 kJ / mol

710.2162 28750

6.7.1 Level Energy 3rd

1,978.00 kJ / mol3,232.00 kJ / mol

1600 34230

6.8.2 Level Energy 4

2,780.00 kJ / mol4,950.00 kJ / mol

2780 37066

6.8.4 Level Energy 5th

ora Sumadhiya7,670.00 kJ / mol

4305.2 97510

7.2.2 Level Energy 6th

ora Sumadhiya9,840.00 kJ / mol

5715.8 105800

7.3.2 tingkat Energy 7

ora Sumadhiya12,440.00 kJ / mol

7226.8 114300

7.3.3 Level Energy 8

ora Sumadhiya15,230.00 kJ / mol

8857.4 125300

7.3.5 Level Energy 9

ora Sumadhiya17,959.00 kJ / mol

14110 134700

7.3.7 Level Energy 10th

ora Sumadhiya26,570.00 kJ / mol

17100 144300

7.3.9 Level Energy 11

ora Sumadhiya29,400.00 kJ / mol

19900 169988

7.3.11 Level Energy 12

ora Sumadhiya32,400.00 kJ / mol

22219 189368

7.5.2 Level Energy 13

ora Sumadhiya36,600.00 kJ / mol

26930 76015

7.5.4 Level Energy 14

ora Sumadhiya39,700.00 kJ / mol

29196 86450

7.5.6 Level Energy 15

ora Sumadhiya42,800.00 kJ / mol

41987 97510

7.5.8 Level Energy 16

ora Sumadhiya49,396.00 kJ / mol

47206 109480

7.5.10 Level Energy 17

ora Sumadhiya52,737.00 kJ / mol

52737 122200

7.5.12 Level Energy 18

ora Sumadhiya134,810.00 kJ / mol

58570 134810

7.5.13 Level Energy 19

ora Sumadhiya145,170.00 kJ / mol

64702 148700

7.5.16 Level Energy 20

ora Sumadhiya154,700.00 kJ / mol

80400 171200

7.5.17 Level Energy 21

ora Sumadhiya167,400.00 kJ / mol

87000 179100

7.5.19 Level Energy 22

ora Sumadhiya178,100.00 kJ / mol

93400 184900

7.5.21 Level Energy 23rd

ora Sumadhiya189,300.00 kJ / mol

98420 198800

7.5.23 Level Energy 24

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

104400 195200

7.5.25 Level Energy 25th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

121900 121900

7.5.26 Level Energy 26th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

127700 127700

7.5.28 Level Energy 27th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

133800 133800

7.5.30 Level Energy 28th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

139800 139800

7.5.31 Level Energy 29

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

148100 148100

7.5.33 Level Energy 30

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

154500 154500

7.6 padha karo elektrokimia

2.16 g / amp-day1.10 g / amp-day

0.16812 8.3209

7.7 Fungsi Work elektron

3.41 eV5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

7.8 Properties Kimia liyane

Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif

Kimia Stabilitas, ionisasi

8 atom

8.1 Panggil atom

9022

3 117

8.2 Konfigurasi elektron

[Rn] 6D ² 7s ²

[Ar] 3d ² 4s ²

8.3 Struktur Crystal

Face tengah kubik (FCC)

Hexagonal Tutup dikempalken (HCP)

8.3.1 Crystal pola

8.4 atom

8.4.1 Jumlah proton

9022

3 117

8.4.3 Jumlah Neutron

14226

4 184

8.4.6 Jumlah Èlèktron

9022

3 117

8.5 Radius saka Atom

8.5.1 Radius atom

179.80 pm147.00 pm

112 265

8.5.3 kovalen Radius

206.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

8.5.6 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

8.7 Bobot atom

232.04 Amu47.87 Amu

6.94 294

8.9 Volume atom

19.90 cm3 / mol10.64 cm3 / mol

1.39 71.07

9.5 Nomer atom jejer

9.5.1 unsur Previous

9.5.2 Sabanjure unsur

9.6 Potensi Valence Electron

59.30 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.7 Constant pola

508.42 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

9.9 pola Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

9.10 Pola C / A rasio

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.567 1.886

10 Teknik

10.1 Kapadhetan

10.1.1 Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar

11.72 g / cm ³4.51 g / cm ³

0.534 40.7

10.4.1 Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)

ora Sumadhiya4.11 g / cm3

0.512 20

10.8 Strength tensile

ora Sumadhiya434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

11.2 viskositas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.001526 0.001526

11.4 meksa beluk

11.4.1 Meksa beluk ing 1000 K

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

2.47E-11 121

11.6.3 Meksa beluk ing 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

11.8 situs kelenturan

11.8.1 nyukur pengaturan

31.00 GPA44.00 GPA

1.3 222

11.9.1 pengaturan akeh

54.00 GPA110.00 GPA

1.6 462

12.1.4 Young kang pengaturan

79.00 GPA116.00 GPA

1.7 528

12.3 Poisson rasio

0.270.32

0.032 0.47

13.2 Properties Teknik liyane

ductile

14 Magnetic

14.1 Ciri Magnetic

14.1.1 Gravitasi tartamtu

11.704,500.00

0.53 4500

14.2.1 Nindakake Magnetic

paramagnetic

14.2.2 permeabilitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.25643E-06 0.0063

14.4.1 kelemahan

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

-0.000166 200000

14.6 Properties Listrik

14.6.1 Property Listrik

superconductor

Arman miskin

14.6.2 resistivity

157.00 nΩ · m420.00 nΩ · m

0.18 961

14.7.3 konduktivitas listrik

0.07 10 ⁶ / cm Ω0.02 10 ⁶ / cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

14.8.1 elektron Affinity

ora Sumadhiya7.60 kJ / mol

0 222.8

15 termal

15.1 Kalor tartamtu

0.12 J / (kg K)0.52 J / (kg K)

0.11 3.6

15.2 Graham Kapasitas kalor

26.23 J / mol · K25.06 J / mol · K

16.443 62.7

15.3 doyo termal

54.00 W / m · K21.90 W / m · K

6.3 429

15.4 suhu kritis

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26.3 3223

15.5 Expansion termal

11.00 μm / (m · K)8.60 μm / (m · K)

4.5 97

15.6 enthalpy

15.6.1 Enthalpy panguapan

429.00 kJ / mol429.00 kJ / mol

7.32 799.1

15.6.2 Enthalpy saka Fusion

15.48 kJ / mol15.48 kJ / mol

2.1 35.23

15.6.3 Enthalpy saka atomization

468.60 kJ / mol468.60 kJ / mol

61.5 837

15.7 Standard molar Entropy

27.30 J / mol.K27.30 J / mol.K

9.5 198.1

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