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toriu
toriu

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hafniu



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Comparați toriu și hafniu

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1 Tabelul periodic
1.1 Simbol
Th
Hf
1.2 Număr grup
Tennessine elem..
0
Rank: 18 (Overall)
4
Rank: 14 (Overall)
gadoliniu element
ADD ⊕
1.3 perioada Număr
Uraniu element
7
Rank: 1 (Overall)
6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
2.3 bloc
f block
d block
2.4 Element de familie
actinide
metal de tranziție
2.5 Numărul CAS
roentgeniu elem..
7440326
Rank: 49 (Overall)
7440586
Rank: 30 (Overall)
Aluminiu element
2.6 Nume grup spațiu
P63 / mmc
P63 / mmc
2.7 Număr spațiu grup
Sodiu element
194,00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
194,00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutoniu element
ADD ⊕
4 Fapte
4.1 Fapte interesante
  • de metal toriu este utilizat ca o opțiune alternativă peste uraniu pentru combustibil nuclear.
  • Toriu metale aspect (argintiu alb, moale) este oarecum similar cu plumb metalic.
  • Hafniu metal este extrem de reactiv, prin urmare, nu a fost găsit liber în natură.
  • de metal hafniu ca dupa predicated Mendeleev a terminat masa lui periodic.
4.2 surse
S-au găsit în minerale, Minerit
Produsul secundar Zirconiu Rafinare
4.3 Istorie
4.3.1 care a descoperit
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
4.3.2 Descoperire
în 1829
în 1922
4.5 Abundenţă
4.5.1 Abundenței În Universul
Fier element
3 * 10-4 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
7 * 10-8 %
Rank: 25 (Overall)
taliu element
4.7.2 Abundenței În Soare
Fier element
~0.0004 %
Rank: 9 (Overall)
~0.0000001 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
beriliului element
ADD ⊕
4.7.4 Abundenței În Meteoriți
Fier element
0,05 %
Rank: 11 (Overall)
0,00 %
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Aur element
ADD ⊕
4.7.6 Abundenței în scoarța Pământului
Aluminiu element
0,66 %
Rank: 7 (Overall)
0,00 %
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Radiu element
ADD ⊕
4.8.1 Abundenței în oceanele
Sodiu element
0,00 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
0,00 %
Rank: 27 (Overall)
protactiniu element
4.9.2 Abundenței la om
Calciu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radiu element
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5 utilizări
5.1 Utilizări și beneficii
  • metalice toriu este folosit ca agent aliază pentru magneziu, se conferă o rezistență mai mare și rezistență la temperatură.
  • compus al acestui oxid de toriu metal este folosit ca un catalizator industrial.
Character length exceed error
5.1.1 Utilizări industriale
industria aerospațială, industria de automobile, Industria chimica, industria electrotehnică, industria electronică
industria de muniție
5.1.2 Utilizări medicale
Stomatologie, Instrumente chirurgicale Manufacturing
N / A
5.1.3 alte utilizări
Aliaje, Bijuterii, Sculpture, statui
Aliaje, În reactoarele nucleare, Cercetarea nucleară, Scopuri de cercetare
5.2 Proprietățile biologice
5.2.1 Toxicitate
non Toxic
Toxic
5.2.2 Prezent în corpul uman
da
Nu
5.2.3 in Blood
Sodiu element
0,00 Sânge / mg dm-3
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutoniu element
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6.2.2 in Bone
Calciu element
0,02 ppm
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutoniu element
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7 Fizic
7.1 Punct de topire
Tungsten element
1.750,00 ° C
Rank: 17 (Overall)
2.150,00 ° C
Rank: 10 (Overall)
franciu element
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7.2 Punct de fierbere
Tungsten element
4.790,00 ° C
Rank: 8 (Overall)
5.400,00 ° C
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Fleroviu element
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7.3 Aspect
7.3.1 Stare fizică
Solid
Solid
7.3.3 Culoare
Argint
Gri
7.3.4 Luciu
N / A
Metalic
7.4 Duritate
7.4.1 Mohs Duritate
Crom element
3,00
Rank: 12 (Overall)
5,50
Rank: 7 (Overall)
cesiu element
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7.5.2 Duritatea Brinell
Osmiu element
390,00 MPa
Rank: 29 (Overall)
1.450,00 MPa
Rank: 6 (Overall)
cesiu element
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7.6.2 Duritatea Vickers
Tungsten element
295,00 MPa
Rank: 29 (Overall)
1.520,00 MPa
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Paladiu element
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7.7 Viteza sunetului
tehnețiu element
2.490,00 Domnișoară
Rank: 36 (Overall)
3.010,00 Domnișoară
Rank: 27 (Overall)
taliu element
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7.8 Proprietăți optice
7.8.1 Indicele de refractie
Paladiu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercur element
7.8.4 reflexiei
Argint element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
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7.9 forme alotropice
Nu
Nu
7.9.1 alfa forme alotropice
Nu e disponibil
Nu e disponibil
7.9.2 p forme alotropice
Nu e disponibil
Nu e disponibil
7.9.3 y forme alotropice
Nu e disponibil
Nu e disponibil
8 Chimic
8.1 Formula chimica
Th
Hf
8.2 izotopii
8.2.1 Izotopi cunoscute
Paladiu element
28
Rank: 11 (Overall)
32
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Tennessine element
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8.3 Electronegativitate
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativitate
Aur element
1,30
Rank: 32 (Overall)
1,30
Rank: 32 (Overall)
franciu element
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8.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativitate
Cobalt element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
cesiu element
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8.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativitate
Galiu element
1,11
Rank: 29 (Overall)
1,23
Rank: 25 (Overall)
cesiu element
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8.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativitate
Poloniu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
cesiu element
ADD ⊕
8.3.10 Allen Electronegativitate
berkelium eleme..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1,16
Rank: 37 (Overall)
cesiu element
8.4 Electropositivity
8.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
franciu element
2,70
Rank: 22 (Overall)
2,70
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Aur element
ADD ⊕
8.5 Energiile ionizarea
8.5.1 Primul nivel de energie
Crom element
587,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
658,50 kJ / mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
cesiu element
8.5.3 Nivelul 2 Energie
Crom element
1.110,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 73 (Overall)
1.440,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Ruteniu element
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8.5.5 3rd Level Energy
Crom element
1.978,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 77 (Overall)
2.250,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
Osmiu element
ADD ⊕
8.5.8 4a Nivel de energie
Crom element
2.780,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 67 (Overall)
3.216,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 63 (Overall)
toriu element
ADD ⊕
8.5.10 A 5 Nivel de energie
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium element
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8.5.12 A 6 Nivel de energie
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
seaborgiu element
ADD ⊕
8.5.14 Nivelul de energie al 7-lea
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
bohrium element
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8.5.16 A 8-Level Energy
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
hassiu element
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8.5.18 Al 9-lea nivel de energie
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
itriu element
ADD ⊕
8.5.21 A 10 Nivel de energie
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Stronţiu element
8.5.24 11 Nivelul de energie
Magneziu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
itriu element
8.5.27 12 Nivelul de energie
Magneziu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
8.6.1 13 Nivel de energie
Titan element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
8.7.1 14 Nivel de energie
vanadiu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
9.3.1 15 Nivel de energie
Crom element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mangan element
9.4.2 16 Nivelul de energie
Mangan element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Fier element
9.4.5 17 Nivelul de energie
Fier element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt element
9.5.2 18 Nivelul de energie
Cobalt element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nichel element
9.5.4 19 Nivel de energie
Nichel element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cupru element
9.6.1 20 Nivelul de energie
Zinc element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
9.7.1 21 Nivelul de energie
Zinc element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
ADD ⊕
9.9.1 22 Nivelul de energie
Cupru element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
ADD ⊕
9.10.1 23 Nivelul de energie
Cupru element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
9.12.1 24 Nivelul de energie
Fier element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
ADD ⊕
10.1.2 25 Nivelul de energie
molibdenul elem..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
10.1.4 26 Nivelul de energie
molibdenul elem..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
10.2.1 27 Nivelul de energie
molibdenul elem..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
10.2.2 28 Nivelul de energie
molibdenul elem..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
10.4.2 29 Nivelul de energie
molibdenul elem..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
10.4.4 30 Nivelul de energie
molibdenul elem..
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
molibdenul element
10.5 echivalent electrochimică
franciu element
2,16 g / amp-hr
Rank: 24 (Overall)
1,66 g / amp-hr
Rank: 44 (Overall)
beriliului element
ADD ⊕
10.7 Funcția de electroni de lucru
Platină element
3,41 eV
Rank: 32 (Overall)
3,90 eV
Rank: 27 (Overall)
cesiu element
ADD ⊕
10.8 Celelalte proprietăți chimice
Coroziune, ionizarea, Izotopii radioactivi, Radioactivitate
anti coroziune, ionizarea, Izotopii radioactivi, Solubilitate
11 Atomic
11.1 Numar atomic
Tennessine elem..
90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
72
Rank: 44 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
11.3 Configuratie electronica
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
11.4 Structura de cristal
Centrat cilindrică se confruntă cu (FCC)
Hexagonala Închide Ambalat (HCP)
11.4.1 rețelei de cristal
11.5 Atom
11.5.1 Numărul de Protonii
Tennessine elem..
90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
72
Rank: 43 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
12.1.4 Numărul de Neutronii
Fleroviu element
142
Rank: 15 (Overall)
106
Rank: 29 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
12.1.6 Numărul de Electronii
Tennessine elem..
90
Rank: 28 (Overall)
72
Rank: 43 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
12.3 Raza unui Atom
12.3.1 Raza atomică
cesiu element
179,80 p.m
Rank: 15 (Overall)
159,00 p.m
Rank: 28 (Overall)
beriliului element
ADD ⊕
12.3.3 Raza covalentă
franciu element
206,00 p.m
Rank: 7 (Overall)
175,00 p.m
Rank: 23 (Overall)
beriliului element
ADD ⊕
12.3.5 Van der Waals Raza
franciu element
237,00 p.m
Rank: 15 (Overall)
200,00 p.m
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc element
ADD ⊕
13.3 Greutate atomica
Tennessine elem..
232,04 amu
Rank: 23 (Overall)
178,49 amu
Rank: 39 (Overall)
litiu element
13.5 volum atomic
cesiu element
19,90 cm3 / mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
13,60 cm3 / mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Mangan element
13.7 Numere atomice adiacente
13.7.1 Elementul precedent
13.7.2 Elementul următor
13.8 Valence Electron Potential
Platină element
59,30 (-EV)
Rank: 23 (Overall)
81,00 (-EV)
Rank: 16 (Overall)
franciu element
ADD ⊕
13.10 Constant zabrele
Mangan element
508,42 p.m
Rank: 14 (Overall)
319,64 p.m
Rank: 55 (Overall)
beriliului element
13.12 zabrele Unghiuri
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
13.13 C latice / A Ratio
cadmiu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1,58
Rank: 12 (Overall)
beriliului element
14 Mecanic
14.1 Densitate
14.1.1 Densitatea la temperatura camerei
hassiu element
11,72 g / cm3
Rank: 32 (Overall)
13,31 g / cm3
Rank: 26 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
14.2.1 Densitate Când lichid (la mp)
Osmiu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
12,00 g / cm3
Rank: 12 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
14.3 Rezistență la tracțiune
Fier element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
445,00 MPa
Rank: 8 (Overall)
indiu element
ADD ⊕
14.4 Viscozitate
Mercur element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercur element
14.5 Presiunea de vapori
14.5.1 Presiunea de vapori la 1000 K
Stronţiu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
ceriu element
ADD ⊕
14.5.2 Presiunea de vapori la 2000 K
Crom element
0,00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
0,00 (Pa)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Tungsten element
ADD ⊕
14.6 Proprietățile elasticitate
14.6.1 shear Modulus
Osmiu element
31,00 GPa
Rank: 21 (Overall)
30,00 GPa
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Potasiu element
ADD ⊕
14.6.2 Modulus în vrac
Osmiu element
54,00 GPa
Rank: 22 (Overall)
110,00 GPa
Rank: 15 (Overall)
cesiu element
ADD ⊕
14.6.3 Modulul lui Young
Iridiu element
79,00 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
78,00 GPa
Rank: 25 (Overall)
cesiu element
ADD ⊕
14.7 poisson Raportul
Galiu element
0,27
Rank: 20 (Overall)
0,37
Rank: 7 (Overall)
beriliului element
ADD ⊕
14.8 Alte proprietăți mecanice
Ductil
Ductil, Maleabil
15 Magnetic
15.1 Caracteristici magnetice
15.1.1 Gravitație specifică
Cobalt element
11,70
Rank: 23 (Overall)
13,31
Rank: 18 (Overall)
litiu element
ADD ⊕
15.1.2 Comenzi magnetice
paramagnetic
paramagnetic
15.1.3 Permeabilitate
Fier element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismut element
ADD ⊕
15.1.4 Susceptibil
Fier element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismut element
ADD ⊕
15.2 Proprietăți electrice
15.2.1 Domeniul imobilier electrice
superconductor
Conductor
15.2.2 Rezistivitatea
Mercur element
157,00 nΩ · m
Rank: 22 (Overall)
331,00 nΩ · m
Rank: 14 (Overall)
taliu element
ADD ⊕
15.2.3 Conductivitate electrică
Argint element
0,07 10 6 / cm Ω
Rank: 31 (Overall)
0,03 10 6 / cm Ω
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Plutoniu element
ADD ⊕
15.2.4 electron afinitate
Aur element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Mercur element
ADD ⊕
16 Termic
16.1 Căldura specifică
litiu element
0,12 J / (kg K)
Rank: 40 (Overall)
0,14 J / (kg K)
Rank: 37 (Overall)
americiu element
16.2 Molara Capacitatea de căldură
americiu element
26,23 J / mol · K
Rank: 30 (Overall)
25,73 J / mol · K
Rank: 36 (Overall)
beriliului element
16.3 Conductivitate termică
Argint element
54,00 W / m · K
Rank: 28 (Overall)
23,00 W / m · K
Rank: 41 (Overall)
neptuniu element
16.4 Temperatura critică
litiu element
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nu e disponibil
Rank: N/A (Overall)
yterbiu element
ADD ⊕
16.5 Expansiunea termică
cesiu element
11,00 pm / (m · K)
Rank: 36 (Overall)
5,90 pm / (m · K)
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Tungsten element
ADD ⊕
16.6 entalpia
16.6.1 Entalpia de Vaporizarea
Tungsten element
429,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
661,10 kJ / mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Zinc element
16.6.2 Entalpie Fusion
Tungsten element
15,48 kJ / mol
Rank: 19 (Overall)
25,10 kJ / mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
cesiu element
ADD ⊕
16.6.3 Entalpie de atomizare
Tungsten element
468,60 kJ / mol
Rank: 15 (Overall)
703,00 kJ / mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Mercur element
ADD ⊕
16.7 Standard Molar Entropy
protactiniu ele..
27,30 J / mol.K
Rank: 56 (Overall)
43,60 J / mol.K
Rank: 34 (Overall)
beriliului element
ADD ⊕