1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74403267440586
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product Zirconium Refining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C2,150.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C5,400.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa1,450.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa1,520.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s3,010.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol658.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,440.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
1.2.4 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,250.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
1.2.5 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol3,216.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
1.2.7 5th Energy Level
1.2.8 6th Energy Level
1.2.9 7th Energy level
1.2.10 8th Energy Level
1.2.11 9th Energy Level
1.2.12 10th Energy Level
1.2.13 11th Energy Level
1.2.14 12th Energy Level
1.2.15 13th Energy Level
1.2.16 14th Energy Level
1.2.17 15th Energy Level
1.2.18 16th Energy Level
1.2.19 17th Energy Level
1.2.20 18th Energy Level
1.2.21 19th Energy Level
1.2.22 20th Energy Level
1.2.23 21st Energy Level
1.2.24 22nd Energy Level
1.2.25 23rd Energy Level
1.2.26 24th Energy Level
1.2.27 25th Energy Level
1.2.28 26th Energy Level
1.2.29 27th Energy Level
1.2.30 28th Energy Level
1.2.31 29th Energy Level
1.2.32 30th Energy Level
1.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr1.66 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.4 Electron Work Function
1.5 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
2.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
2.3.1 Crystal Lattice
2.4 Atom
2.4.1 Number of Protons
2.4.2 Number of Neutrons
2.4.3 Number of Electrons
2.5 Radius of an Atom
2.5.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm159.00 pm
112
265
2.5.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
2.6 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu178.49 amu
6.94
294
2.7 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol13.60 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.8.1 Previous Element
2.8.2 Next Element
2.9 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)81.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.10 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm319.64 pm
228.58
891.25
2.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm313.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.2 Tensile Strength
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
3.5.2 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
3.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa78.00 GPa
1.7
528
3.6 Poisson Ratio
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
4.1.3 Permeability
4.1.4 Susceptibility
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
4.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m331.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
4.2.4 Electron Affinity
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K25.73 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K23.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
5.4 Critical Temperature
5.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)5.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
5.6 Enthalpy
5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol661.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol25.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
5.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K43.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1