thorium

Hafnium

mbandhingaké thorium lan Hafnium

thorium

Hafnium

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1 Tabel périodik

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Panggil Group

0 17

1.3 Panggil periode

2 7

1.4 Block

pemblokiran f

d block

1.5 Family unsur

actinide

transisi Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74403267440586

7429905 54386242

1.7 Jeneng papan Group

P63 / mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 facts

2.1 Facts Interesting

metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.

Hafnium logam reaktif, Empu ora ketemu gratis ing alam.
metal Hafnium minangka predicated sawise Mendeleev rampung tabel périodik kang.

2.2 sumber

Found in Minerals, Mining

Miturut-produk Nyaring panggolekan Zirconium

2.3 History

2.3.1 sing katutup

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy

2.3.2 Discovery

ing 1829

ing taun 1922

2.4 turah mbrawah

2.4.1 Turah mbrawah Ing Universe

3 * 10^-4 %7 * 10^-8 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Turah mbrawah Ing Sun

~0.0004 %~0.0000001 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit

0.05 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur

0.66 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Turah mbrawah Ing Segara

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Turah mbrawah Ing Manungsa

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1E-13 1.4

3 ulah

3.1 Ulah lan Wuku

metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.

Character length exceed error

3.1.1 Ulah Industrial

Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik

Industry amunisi

3.1.2 Ulah Medical

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Ulah liyane

wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues

wesi, Ing Reactors Nuclear, Nuclear Riset, tujuan Research

3.2 Properties biologi

3.2.1 keracunan

non Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Saiki ing badan Human

Ora

3.2.3 Sang

0.00 Sang / mg dm-3ora Sumadhiya

0 1970

3.2.4 ing Bone

0.02 ppmora Sumadhiya

0 170000

4 fisik

4.1 leleh Point

1,750.00 ° C2,150.00 ° C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

4,790.00 ° C5,400.00 ° C

147 5660

4.3 katon

4.3.1 State fisik

Solid

4.3.2 warna

Silver

Gray

4.3.3 luster

metallic

4.4 atose

4.4.1 Mohs atose

3.005.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell atose

390.00 MPa1,450.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers atose

295.00 MPa1,520.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Kacepetan swara

2,490.00 m / s3,010.00 m / s

818 16200

4.6 Properties Optical

4.6.1 bias Index

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 reflectivity

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58 97

4.7 allotropes

Ora

4.7.1 α allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

4.7.2 β allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

4.7.3 γ allotropes

ora Sumadhiya

5 Kimia

5.1 Formula Kimia

5.2 isotop

5.2.1 Isotop dikenal

2832

0 38

5.3 keelektronegatifan

5.3.1 Pauling Elektronegativitas

1.301.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas

1.111.23

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Elektronegativitas

ora Sumadhiya1.16

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 tenogo ionisasi

5.5.1 Level Energy 1st

587.00 kJ / mol658.50 kJ / mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 Level Energy 2

1,110.00 kJ / mol1,440.00 kJ / mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 Level Energy 3rd

1,978.00 kJ / mol2,250.00 kJ / mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 Level Energy 4

2,780.00 kJ / mol3,216.00 kJ / mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 Level Energy 5th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 Level Energy 6th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 tingkat Energy 7

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 Level Energy 8

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 Level Energy 9

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

14110 134700

5.5.10 Level Energy 10th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

17100 144300

5.5.11 Level Energy 11

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

19900 169988

5.5.12 Level Energy 12

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

22219 189368

5.5.13 Level Energy 13

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26930 76015

5.5.14 Level Energy 14

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

29196 86450

5.5.15 Level Energy 15

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

41987 97510

5.5.16 Level Energy 16

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

47206 109480

5.5.17 Level Energy 17

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

52737 122200

5.5.18 Level Energy 18

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

58570 134810

5.5.19 Level Energy 19

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

64702 148700

5.5.20 Level Energy 20

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

80400 171200

5.5.21 Level Energy 21

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

87000 179100

5.5.22 Level Energy 22

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

93400 184900

5.5.23 Level Energy 23rd

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

98420 198800

5.5.24 Level Energy 24

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

104400 195200

5.5.25 Level Energy 25th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

121900 121900

5.5.26 Level Energy 26th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

127700 127700

5.5.27 Level Energy 27th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

133800 133800

5.5.28 Level Energy 28th

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

139800 139800

5.5.29 Level Energy 29

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

148100 148100

5.5.30 Level Energy 30

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

154500 154500

5.6 padha karo elektrokimia

2.16 g / amp-day1.66 g / amp-day

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Fungsi Work elektron

3.41 eV3.90 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Properties Kimia liyane

Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif

anti Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, kelarutan

6 atom

6.1 Panggil atom

9072

3 117

6.2 Konfigurasi elektron

[Rn] 6D ² 7s ²

[Xe] 4F ¹⁴ 5d ² 6s ²

6.3 Struktur Crystal

Face tengah kubik (FCC)

Hexagonal Tutup dikempalken (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal pola

6.4 atom

6.4.1 Jumlah proton

9072

3 117

6.4.2 Jumlah Neutron

142106

4 184

6.4.3 Jumlah Èlèktron

9072

3 117

6.5 Radius saka Atom

6.5.1 Radius atom

179.80 pm159.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 kovalen Radius

206.00 pm175.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Bobot atom

232.04 Amu178.49 Amu

6.94 294

6.7 Volume atom

19.90 cm3 / mol13.60 cm3 / mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Nomer atom jejer

6.8.1 unsur Previous

6.8.2 Sabanjure unsur

6.9 Potensi Valence Electron

59.30 (-eV)81.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Constant pola

508.42 pm319.64 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 pola Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Pola C / A rasio

ora Sumadhiya1.58

1.567 1.886

7 Teknik

7.1 Kapadhetan

7.1.1 Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar

11.72 g / cm ³13.31 g / cm ³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)

ora Sumadhiya12.00 g / cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Strength tensile

ora Sumadhiya445.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 viskositas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 meksa beluk

7.4.1 Meksa beluk ing 1000 K

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Meksa beluk ing 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 situs kelenturan

7.5.1 nyukur pengaturan

31.00 GPA30.00 GPA

1.3 222

7.5.2 pengaturan akeh

54.00 GPA110.00 GPA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young kang pengaturan

79.00 GPA78.00 GPA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson rasio

0.270.37

0.032 0.47

7.7 Properties Teknik liyane

ductile

ductile, malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Ciri Magnetic

8.1.1 Gravitasi tartamtu

11.7013.31

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Nindakake Magnetic

paramagnetic

8.1.3 permeabilitas

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 kelemahan

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Properties Listrik

8.2.1 Property Listrik

superconductor

Arman

8.2.2 resistivity

157.00 nΩ · m331.00 nΩ · m

0.18 961

8.2.3 konduktivitas listrik

0.07 10 ⁶ / cm Ω0.03 10 ⁶ / cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 elektron Affinity

ora Sumadhiya0.00 kJ / mol

0 222.8

9 termal

9.1 Kalor tartamtu

0.12 J / (kg K)0.14 J / (kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Graham Kapasitas kalor

26.23 J / mol · K25.73 J / mol · K

16.443 62.7

9.3 doyo termal

54.00 W / m · K23.00 W / m · K

6.3 429

9.4 suhu kritis

ora Sumadhiyaora Sumadhiya

26.3 3223

9.5 Expansion termal

11.00 μm / (m · K)5.90 μm / (m · K)

4.5 97

9.6 enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy panguapan

429.00 kJ / mol661.10 kJ / mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy saka Fusion

15.48 kJ / mol25.10 kJ / mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy saka atomization

468.60 kJ / mol703.00 kJ / mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard molar Entropy

27.30 J / mol.K43.60 J / mol.K

9.5 198.1

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