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Americium Cadmium Comparison

Americium
Cadmium
Cadmium Americium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am   
Cd   
Group Number
Not Available   
12   
6
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440359   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1944   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
994.00 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Am   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
95   
23
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95   
23
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
148   
12
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
95   
23
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm   
21
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm   
21
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm   
10
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu   
20
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)   
40
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3   
30
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67   
15
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Summary >>
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