Cadmium Americium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd
Am
Group Number
12
6
Not Available
Period Number
5
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440439
99+
7440359
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
- Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons
History
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso
Discovery
In 1817
In 1944
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %
21
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
31
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
28
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
11
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
- In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.
15
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C
99+
994.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C
99+
2,607.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.00
16
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa
39
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s
39
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd
Am
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69
17
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46
15
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53
13
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.52
27
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31
37
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol
11
578.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
1,158.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
2,132.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,493.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
3.02 g/amp-hr
17
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48
99+
95
23
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Rn] 5f7 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
48
99+
95
23
Number of Neutrons
64
99+
148
12
Number of Electrons
48
99+
95
23
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
173.00 pm
21
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
180.00 pm
21
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm
99+
244.00 pm
10
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu
99+
243.00 amu
20
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol
39
17.86 cm3/mol
29
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)
99+
44.00 (-eV)
40
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm
99+
346.81 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89
1
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3
28
Not Available
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa
16
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa
35
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa
29
Not Available
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa
36
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.65
36
13.67
15
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Unknown
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m
36
0.69 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
0.11 J/(kg K)
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K
32
62.70 J/mol·K
1
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K
16
10.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
14.39 kJ/mol
24
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
268.00 kJ/mol
40
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K
27
Not Available
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