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Americium vs Gadolinium

Americium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Gd  
Group Number
10  
8
0  
18
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
93  
38
Number of Electrons
95  
23
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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