Berkelium Gold Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk
Au
Group Number
Not Available
11
7
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440406
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
- Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Unknown
Discovery
In 1949
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C
99+
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C
40
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gold
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
14
25
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.54
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
2.70
1
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr
16
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
Not Available
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97
21
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
97
21
79
37
Number of Neutrons
150
11
118
23
Number of Electrons
97
21
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
Not Available
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu
18
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
Not Available
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)
36
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm
99+
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3
22
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3
11
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
14.00
14
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
Not Available
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
Not Available
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K
99+
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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