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Berkelium vs Chromium

Berkelium
Chromium
Chromium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Cr  
Group Number
14  
4
6  
12
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1949  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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