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Berkelium vs Chromium

Berkelium
Chromium
Chromium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk   
Cr   
Group Number
Not Available   
6   
12
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440406   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1949   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C   
40
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14   
25
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
2.70   
1
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol   
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr   
16
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97   
21
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97   
21
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
150   
11
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
97   
21
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu   
18
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)   
36
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3   
22
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3   
11
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00   
14
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
Not Available   
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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