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Chromium vs Berkelium

Chromium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Bk  
Group Number
6  
12
14  
4
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
150  
12
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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