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Californium vs Fermium

Californium
Fermium
Fermium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Fm  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
157  
8
Number of Electrons
98  
20
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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