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Californium vs Promethium

Californium
Promethium
Promethium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Pm   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Unknown   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.07   
32
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
84   
40
Number of Electrons
98   
20
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
Not Available   
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