Californium vs Promethium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf
Pm
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440713
20
7440122
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Not Available
Space Group Number
194.00
5
Not Available
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Discovery
In 1950
In 1942
Abundance
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
- It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C
99+
1,042.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
99+
3,000.00 °C
31
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Unknown
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf
Pm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
20
19
27
12
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.07
32
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
Not Available
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol
99+
540.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr
15
1.80 g/amp-hr
36
Electron Work Function
Not Available
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98
20
61
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
98
20
61
99+
Number of Neutrons
153
9
84
40
Number of Electrons
98
20
61
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
183.00 pm
10
Covalent Radius
Not Available
199.00 pm
12
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
236.00 pm
16
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu
17
145.00 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available
22.39 cm3/mol
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)
38
44.10 (-eV)
39
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm
99+
Not Available
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Unknown
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3
21
7.26 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
18.00 GPa
36
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
33.00 GPa
36
Young's Modulus
Not Available
46.00 GPa
38
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.28
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
15.10
13
7.26
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Unknown
Conductor
Resistivity
Not Available
0.75 nΩ·m
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available
17.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
9.00 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
7.50 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
310.00 kJ/mol
34
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
Not Available
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