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Promethium vs Californium

Promethium
Californium
Californium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Cf   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
153   
9
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
Not Available   
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