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Californium vs Rubidium

Californium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Rb  
Group Number
3  
15
1  
17
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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