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Californium vs Rutherfordium

Californium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Rf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
-  
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
157  
8
Number of Electrons
98  
20
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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