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Rutherfordium vs Californium

Rutherfordium
Californium
Californium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Cf  
Group Number
4  
14
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
153  
10
Number of Electrons
104  
14
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
-  
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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