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Californium vs Thulium

Californium
Thulium
Thulium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Tm  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
100  
33
Number of Electrons
98  
20
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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