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Thulium vs Californium

Thulium
Californium
Californium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Cf  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
153  
10
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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