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Thulium Californium Comparison

Thulium
Californium
Californium Thulium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Cf   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
153   
9
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
Not Available   
Summary >>
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