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Dubnium vs Californium

Dubnium
Californium
Californium vs Dubnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Db  
Cf  
Group Number
5  
13
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
53850354  
14
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • IUPAC allotted a temporary name to Dubnium metal as “ Unnilpentium”.
  • In the production of Dubnium, thermal gradient chromatography is used.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Produced by Bombarding Am243 with Ne22, Synthetically Produced  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1968  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Dubnium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Research Purposes  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
-  
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
330.00 MPa  
38
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.20  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
55.00 %  
27
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Db  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
664.80 kJ/mol  
38
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,546.70 kJ/mol  
39
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,378.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,298.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,305.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,830.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
88,300.00 kJ/mol  
2
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
4,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
33,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
33,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
1,129.00 kJ/mol  
19
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,094.90 kJ/mol  
18
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
883.00 kJ/mol  
36
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
528.30 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
3
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
1,094.00 kJ/mol  
5
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
105  
13
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
105  
13
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
153  
10
Number of Electrons
105  
13
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
149.00 pm  
37
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
268.00 amu  
10
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
22.80 cm3/mol  
17
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rutherfordium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Seaborgium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
-  
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
29.30 g/cm3  
5
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
29.30 g/cm3  
6
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
34.00 GPa  
22
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
39.00 GPa  
39
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
39.00  
3
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
6.80 nΩ·m  
99+
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
-  
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
29.30 J/mol·K  
11
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.20 µm/(m·K)  
37
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.70 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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