1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
1.10 CAS Number
74405207440304
7429905
54386242
1.13 Space Group Name
1.14 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
3.2 Sources
Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Per Teodor Cleve
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
1.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.2.2 Abundance In Oceans
1.3.2 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
3.4.1 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,522.00 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
6.6 Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
6.9 Appearance
6.9.1 Physical State
6.9.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
6.9.3 Luster
6.10 Hardness
6.10.1 Mohs Hardness
6.10.3 Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.10.7 Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
6.11 Speed of Sound
6.13 Optical Properties
6.13.1 Refractive Index
6.14.2 Reflectivity
7.3 Allotropes
7.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.2.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
10.6 Electropositivity
10.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.8 Ionization Energies
10.8.1 1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.8.4 2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.9.1 3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
10.9.3 4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.10.2 5th Energy Level
11.2.3 6th Energy Level
11.2.5 7th Energy level
11.3.3 8th Energy Level
11.3.6 9th Energy Level
11.3.9 10th Energy Level
11.3.12 11th Energy Level
11.4.2 12th Energy Level
11.5.2 13th Energy Level
11.5.5 14th Energy Level
11.5.7 15th Energy Level
11.5.10 16th Energy Level
11.5.13 17th Energy Level
11.5.15 18th Energy Level
11.5.17 19th Energy Level
11.5.20 20th Energy Level
11.5.22 21st Energy Level
11.5.24 22nd Energy Level
11.5.25 23rd Energy Level
11.5.28 24th Energy Level
11.5.31 25th Energy Level
11.5.33 26th Energy Level
11.5.35 27th Energy Level
11.5.37 28th Energy Level
11.5.40 29th Energy Level
11.5.41 30th Energy Level
11.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.7 Electron Work Function
11.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.4.4 Number of Neutrons
12.4.8 Number of Electrons
12.6 Radius of an Atom
12.6.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
12.6.3 Covalent Radius
189.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
12.6.5 Van der Waals Radius
12.8 Atomic Weight
167.26 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
12.9 Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
13.2 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.2.1 Previous Element
13.2.2 Next Element
13.3 Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
13.5 Lattice Constant
355.88 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
13.10 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
13.11 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
15.5 Tensile Strength
15.6 Viscosity
15.7 Vapor Pressure
15.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
15.8.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
15.10 Elasticity properties
15.10.1 Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
15.11.2 Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
15.13.1 Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
15.17 Poisson Ratio
15.21 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.4.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
16.4.2 Permeability
17.1.2 Susceptibility
17.4 Electrical Properties
17.4.1 Electrical Property
17.4.2 Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
18.2.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.4.2 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
19.4 Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
19.6 Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
19.7 Critical Temperature
19.10 Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
20.2 Enthalpy
20.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
20.2.6 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
20.4.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
0.1 Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1