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Fermium Gadolinium Comparison

Fermium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium Fermium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fm  
Gd  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440724  
19
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1952  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,527.00 °C  
26
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fm  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
18  
21
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.47 eV  
21
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
100  
18
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Not Known  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
100  
18
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
93  
38
Number of Electrons
100  
18
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
245.00 pm  
13
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
257.00 amu  
15
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Einsteinium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Mendelevium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
350.00 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
13
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
50.00 GPa  
24
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.70  
99+
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
Summary >>
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