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Fermium vs Thorium

Fermium
Thorium
Thorium vs Fermium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fm  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440724  
19
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1952  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,527.00 °C  
26
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fm  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
18  
21
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.47 eV  
21
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
100  
18
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Not Known  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
100  
18
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
142  
16
Number of Electrons
100  
18
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
245.00 pm  
13
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
257.00 amu  
15
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Einsteinium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Mendelevium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
350.00 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
13
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
50.00 GPa  
24
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.70  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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