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Thorium vs Fermium

Thorium
Fermium
Fermium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Fm   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440724   
19
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1952   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,527.00 °C   
26
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
Not Available   
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Unknown   
Luster
NA   
Not Defined   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Fm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
18   
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
627.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,225.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,363.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,792.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
3.20 g/amp-hr   
13
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
100   
18
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Rn] 5f12 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Not Known   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
100   
18
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
157   
7
Number of Electrons
90   
28
100   
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
Not Available   
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
245.00 pm   
9
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
257.00 amu   
15
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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