Gold Californium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Cf
Group Number
11
7
Not Available
Period Number
6
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440713
20
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1950
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
- It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
900.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
1,470.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Cf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
20
19
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
608.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,206.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,267.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,599.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
3.12 g/amp-hr
15
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
98
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
98
20
Number of Neutrons
118
23
153
9
Number of Electrons
79
37
98
20
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
186.00 pm
9
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
Not Available
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
Not Available
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
251.00 amu
17
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Not Available
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
44.50 (-eV)
38
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
338.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
15.10 g/cm3
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
Not Available
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
Not Available
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
15.10
13
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Unknown
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Not Available
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Not Available
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Not Available
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
Not Available
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Not Available
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Not Available
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
Not Available
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