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Hafnium vs Francium

Hafnium
Francium
Francium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Fr  
Group Number
4  
14
1  
17
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440735  
18
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • 223 Francium has the longest half life at 21.8.
  • Francium metal is produced by alpha decay in 227Actinium 227.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Formed by Decay Process, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Marguerite Perey  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1939  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Francium has no known uses as it has a half life of only 22 minutes.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
27.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
677.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
0.20  
27
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
119.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
300.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,440.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Fr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.70  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
0.70  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
0.86  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.68  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
0.67  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
3.30  
1
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
38,000.00 kJ/mol  
23
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
32
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
39,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,920.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
392.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
392.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
677.00 kJ/mol  
31
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
8.32 g/amp-hr  
1
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.07 eV  
33
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
87  
31
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 7s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
87  
31
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
136  
18
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
87  
31
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
348.00 pm  
1
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
260.00 pm  
1
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
348.00 pm  
1
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
223.00 amu  
27
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
71.00 cm3/mol  
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Polonium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Radium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
8.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
440.00 pm  
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
1.87 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
1.87 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
3.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
6.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
0.87  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
3.00 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.15 J/(kg K)  
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
15.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
300.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
67.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
2.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
71.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
42.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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