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Hafnium vs Molybdenum

Hafnium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Mo   
Group Number
4   
14
6   
12
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
Not Available   
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.30   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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