Hafnium vs Molybdenum
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Mo
Group Number
4
14
6
12
Period Number
6
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440586
30
7439987
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Discovery
In 1922
In 1778
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
5 * 10-7 %
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000009 %
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
31
In Bone
Not Available
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
2,617.00 °C
5
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
4,612.00 °C
9
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
1,370.00 MPa
7
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
1,400.00 MPa
6
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
5,400.00 m/s
6
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
58.00 %
15
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Mo
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.16
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.15
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.30
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
2.16
3
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.84
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
684.30 kJ/mol
37
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol
37
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available
5,257.00 kJ/mol
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available
6,640.80 kJ/mol
22
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,125.00 kJ/mol
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,860.00 kJ/mol
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available
15,835.00 kJ/mol
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available
17,980.00 kJ/mol
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available
20,190.00 kJ/mol
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available
22,219.00 kJ/mol
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available
26,930.00 kJ/mol
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available
29,196.00 kJ/mol
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available
52,490.00 kJ/mol
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available
55,000.00 kJ/mol
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available
61,400.00 kJ/mol
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available
67,700.00 kJ/mol
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available
74,000.00 kJ/mol
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available
80,400.00 kJ/mol
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available
87,000.00 kJ/mol
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
93,400.00 kJ/mol
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
98,420.00 kJ/mol
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available
104,400.00 kJ/mol
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available
121,900.00 kJ/mol
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available
127,700.00 kJ/mol
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available
133,800.00 kJ/mol
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available
139,800.00 kJ/mol
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available
148,100.00 kJ/mol
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available
154,500.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.60 eV
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
42
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
42
99+
Number of Neutrons
106
29
54
99+
Number of Electrons
72
99+
42
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
139.00 pm
39
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
154.00 pm
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
95.95 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
9.40 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
88.60 (-eV)
13
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
314.70 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
10.28 g/cm3
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
9.33 g/cm3
20
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
324.00 MPa
13
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
0.00 (Pa)
26
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
126.00 GPa
8
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
230.00 GPa
6
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
329.00 GPa
6
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
10.22
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
53.40 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.19 106/cm Ω
11
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
71.90 kJ/mol
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.25 J/(kg K)
21
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
138.00 W/m·K
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
594.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
27.61 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
653.00 kJ/mol
7
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
28.70 J/mol.K
99+
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