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Molybdenum vs Hafnium

Molybdenum
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo  
Hf  
Group Number
6  
12
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439987  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1778  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C  
5
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C  
9
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa  
7
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa  
11
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s  
9
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
58.00 %  
25
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mo  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16  
6
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15  
34
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.16  
7
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.16  
3
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV  
17
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
42  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
54  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
42  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm  
34
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)  
13
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.03  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3  
39
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa  
15
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa  
8
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa  
6
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa  
6
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22  
40
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
29
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K  
12
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,896.00 K  
6
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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