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Molybdenum vs Hafnium

Molybdenum
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo   
Hf   
Group Number
6   
12
4   
14
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439987   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1778   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %   
19
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %   
19
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
9
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
14
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
Not Available   
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C   
5
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C   
9
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa   
7
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa   
6
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s   
6
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
58.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mo   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16   
5
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15   
19
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30   
24
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
2.16   
3
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV   
12
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
42   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
54   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
42   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm   
39
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm   
32
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)   
13
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3   
36
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3   
20
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa   
13
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
26
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa   
8
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa   
6
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa   
6
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22   
27
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K   
12
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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