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Hafnium vs Cadmium

Hafnium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Cd   
Group Number
4   
14
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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