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Hafnium vs Cadmium

Hafnium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Cd  
Group Number
4  
14
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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