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Cadmium vs Rutherfordium

Cadmium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Rf  
Group Number
12  
6
4  
14
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
-  
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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