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Cadmium vs Rutherfordium

Cadmium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Rf   
Group Number
12   
6
4   
14
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
53850365   
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1964   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
2,100.00 °C   
11
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
5,500.00 °C   
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Unknown Luster   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Rf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
Not Available   
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
579.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,389.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,296.40 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,077.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Not Available   
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
104   
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
104   
14
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
157   
7
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
104   
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
150.00 pm   
33
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
157.00 pm   
31
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
267.00 amu   
11
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
23.20 g/cm3   
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Not Available   
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